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Orso Polare

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Il re delle nevi

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Orso Polare caratteristiche

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• Dimensioni: maschio 2,4-3 m; femmina: 1,8-2,4m
• Peso: maschio 450-500 Kg; femmina 150-250 Kg
• Aspettativa di vita:circa 20-30 anni
• Gestazione: dai 6,5 ai 9 mesi circa
• Habitat: neve e ghiaccio
• Dieta: carnivoro

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L’orso polare è il re delle nevi nell’Artico. E’ un mammifero semi-acquatico che vive tra iceberg, piattaforme ghiacciate e lungo le coste gelide dell’estremo nord, nei vasti territori innevati attorno al Polo Nord. L’orso polare non teme il freddo. Gelo e ghiaccio sono il suo habitat ideale e riesce a sopravvivere grazie hai suoi particolari adattamenti fisici che gli permettono di vivere benissimo anche a temperature estreme.

E’ una specie protetta ed è classificata come ‘vulnerabile’ a causa del riscaldamento globale che rappresenta la maggiore minaccia per l’animale. Lo scioglimento dei ghiacciai riduce la crescita della fauna marina e quindi riduce la possibilità per l’orso di trovare le risorse di cibo sufficienti per sopravvivere.

Caratteristiche fisiche dell’orso polare

L’orso polare è come un enorme orsacchiotto bianco. La testa è stretta e allungata, con orecchie piccole. Mentre il suo corpo è grosso, specialmente sul fondoschiena, che gli permette di sedersi nella stessa posizione degli esseri umani. L’orso polare ha una piccola coda, lunga circa 7-12 cm. Non c’è un dimorfismo marcato tra maschio e femmina. In genere, la femmina è più piccolina del maschio, ed in media, un esemplare può crescere fino i 2,5 m di lunghezza, per 550 Kg di peso.

E’ ricoperto da una folta e morbida pelliccia bianca o color crema che gli permette di mantenersi caldo anche a temperature molto basse e gli consente di mimetizzarsi tra la neve e il ghiaccio durante la caccia. L’unica parte del suo corpo che lo rende visibile in mezzo al bianco dell’ambiente circostante è il suo naso e la pelle attorno ad esso, che è di colore nero. E c’è un motivo per questo. Il nero assorbe il calore emanato dai raggi solari e poi viene propagato per tutto il corpo, riscaldandolo.

L’orso polare trascorre parte del suo tempo in acqua, nuotando. Per questo il suo corpo ha degli specifici adattamenti. Il pelo è idrorepellente per far scivolare via più facilmente l’acqua dal suo corpo. Le zampe sono larghe e rotonde e quelle anteriori sono parzialmente palmate, adatte al nuoto.

La vita tra ghiaccio e neve, ha obbligato la natura ha dotare l’orso di particolari adattamenti per consentirgli di muoversi e camminare sulle piattaforme ghiacciate senza scivolare. Le zampe sono rotonde, larghe e pelose anche sotto, sui palmi, per avere più presa sul ghiaccio quando cammina, oltre che per tenerli al caldo. Inoltre, ogni dito (5 per zampa) è munito di un artiglio ricurvo e non retrattile, che permette all’orso di avere ancora più presa sul ghiaccio durante la caccia, quando insegue una preda, oppure quando si arrampica sul ghiaccio.

Se si osserva attentamente l’orso polare nel suo habitat, si nota che quando si muove, lo fa lentamente, e spesso riposano per evitare il surriscaldamento. Inoltre, nelle giornate più calde, si rinfrescano stando in acqua.

Comportamento e riproduzione dell’orso polare

In genere, l’orso polare è un animale solitario. Maschio e femmina trascorrono il tempo insieme durante il periodo dell’accoppiamento. La femmina raggiunge la maturità sessuale a 5 anni, mentre il maschio a 6.  Il periodo ‘fertile’ è a fine inverno, da marzo a giugno. Una volta gravida, la femmina si rifugia in tane scavate nella neve fino al concepimento che avviene, in genere tra dicembre e gennaio (inizio inverno), e danno alla luce in media 2-3 piccoli. Alla nascita, i cuccioli hanno già il pelo, ma hanno gli occhi chiusi e pesano circa 600 gr.

Una volta partorito, la femmina rimane nascosta con i cuccioli per allattarli, in genere fino ad aprile-maggio, poi, finalmente, la famiglia esce dalla tana e inizia l’educazione dei piccoli.

I cuccioli rimarranno con la madre fino all’età di 2-3 anni, per imparare a nuotare e cacciare. Dopodiché inizieranno una propria vita in solitaria, e mentre la madre è pronta per riprodursi nuovamente.

L’orso polare trascorre gran parte delle sue giornate dormendo o andando a caccia di foche e leoni marini. Quando caccia, l’orso si nasconde tra i ghiacciai e quando una foca affiora dall’acqua per respirare, la afferra con gli artigli e la trascina sulla terraferma, per poi morderle la testa ed ucciderla.  Mentre se la preda è già sulla terraferma, le insegue correndo. Possono raggiungere la velocità di 45 chilometri orari.

Dante che non tutte le cacce vanno a buon fine, l’orso deve cibarsi anche delle carcasse di foche e trichechi. Per questo il loro olfatto è molto sviluppato. Riescono a sentire l’odore di una carcassa anche da lunghe distanze.

La dieta

L’orso polare è per lo più carnivoro. Si ciba del grasso degli animali marini come trichechi, balene, pesci e uccelli marini. Ma il loro pasto preferito è a base di grasso di foca, ne è letteralmente ghiotto.

In media, per sopravvivere, l’orso bianco ha bisogno di circa 2 kg di grasso al giorno e sono disposti a percorrere anche lunghe distanze per procurarselo.

Purtroppo però, in estate, quando la neve si scioglie, le piattaforme ghiacciate scarseggiano, rendendo quindi difficile la caccia per l’orso. Per cui, in quei mesi, spesso e volentieri non mangiano. Possono stare senza mangiare per parecchi mesi, prendendo energia da bacche e frutta.  

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