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L’orso Grizzly
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Orso Grizzly caratteristiche
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- Dimensioni: maschio fino a 2,5 m sulle zampe
- Peso: maschio 200-200 Kg; femmina 130-150 Kg
- Aspettativa di vita: circa 20-25 anni
- Gestazione: 63-70 giorni
- Habitat: aree boschive
- Food: onnivori
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L’orso grizzly è uno dei simboli più pregiati in natura, svolgendo un ruolo fondamentale all’interno dell’intero ecosistema. Oggi, l’orso grizzly lo si può trovare nel suo habitat naturale in Alaska, in Canada occidentale e in alcuni parchi degli Stati Uniti come il Northern Continental Divide in Montana e il Greater Yellowstone.
Caratteristiche dell’orso grizzly
L’orso grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis) è imparentato con l’orso polare, ma presenta sostanziali differenze.
Come per molte specie animali, il dimorfismo tra maschio e femmina non è molto marcato. Si differenziano, sostanzialmente, nelle dimensioni. Il maschio può crescere fino a 2,5 m (in piedi sulle zampe posteriori) e pesare 200-300 kg. Le femmine invece, sono più piccole e pesano meno.
E’ ricoperto da una folta pelliccia marrone scuro o rossiccia. La testa è grande, rotonda e concava. Sulle spalle presenta una grande gobba, che è tutta massa muscolare. Inoltre ha lunghi capelli lungo le spalle e la schiena, con le punte spesso biancastre, che conferiscono all’orso un aspetto ‘brizzolato’, da cui il nome ‘grizzly’.
Il grizzly ha grandi zampe plantigradi (tallone e pianta toccano il pavimento), con artigli molto lunghi e ricurvi che utilizza per scavare.
Nonostante le sue grandi dimensioni, è un corridore veloce. Può raggiungere i 40 km/h, ma in discesa rallentano a causa del peso della gobba.
Comportamento e riproduzione dell’orso grizzly
Gli orsi grizzly sono animali solitari, ma non sono territoriali. Preferiscono vivere nelle dense aree forestali, nelle pianure aperte, nelle regioni della tundra artica e nelle valli fluviali, in prossimità di laghi e fiumi, specialmente nel periodo in cui il salmone risale il corso d’acqua per deporre le uova.
Nei mesi invernali, il grizzly va in letargo per 5 – 8 mesi rifugiandosi in tane scavate lungo i pendii più esposti a nord per assicurarsi una maggiore copertura di neve.
Il maschio e la femmina stanno insieme solo durante l’accoppiamento. Poi il maschio si allontana, lasciando la femmina da sola a crescere ed accudire i cuccioli.
La femmina raggiunge la maturità sessuale all’età di 7 anni e si riproduce ogni 3-4 anni.
La stagione della riproduzione degli orsi grizzly tra maggio e giugno. Però la femmina ha la capacità di ritardare l’impianto dell’ovulo nell’utero fino a ottobre – novembre. Questo perché nei mesi caldi deve fare scorta di una grande quantità di grasso/energia sufficiente per sopravvivere e allevare i cuccioli. Trascorso un periodo di gestazione di 63-70 giorni, la femmina dà alla luce, in media 1-3 cuccioli di 500-1000 gr. I primi mesi la madre tiene i piccoli nascosti nella tana per allattarli. Poi verso aprile-maggio, iniziano ad uscire ed esplorare il mondo esterno. Madre e cuccioli vivono insieme per 2-3 anni, durante i quali la madre insegna ai piccoli come cacciare e proteggersi dai pericoli. Poi i figli si allontanano per iniziare una propria vita in solitaria.
La dieta
Gli orsi grizzly sono onnivori e la loro dieta può consistere sia di carne animale, come alci, cervi, pecore, alci, bisonti, che di piante, come semi, bacche, radici, erbe, funghi.
All’inizio della primavera, l’orso grizzly esce dalla sua tana e inizia a cacciare. Si muove a zig-zag, in cerca di una preda. Il suo olfatto è eccezionale ed è in grado di rilevare il cibo anche a chilometri di distanza. E’ per questo che lo si vede spesso con il naso per aria.
Gli orsi che vivono lungo le aree costiere, si nutrono anche di pesce come salmone (ne sono ghiotti), spigola e trota.
Quando si avvicina l’inverno, il grizzly entra nel periodo dell’iperfagia. Per 2-4 mesi intensificano il loro apporto calorico per aumentare di peso necessario per sopravvivere al letargo invernale.
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